Clear cell RCC is characterized by the constitutive upregulation of the hypoxiainducible factor-1.18 Hypoxia inducible factor-1 has been shown to promote the Warburg effect inseveral cancers, including clear cell RCC,18 in part due to the activation of PDHK (one of its target genes19), and subsequent inhibition of PDH. This evidence concerns the gene PDP1 and cancer.