HES5 and malignant glioma: In 2011, Fouladi et al. reported that FFPE sections of grade III and IV malignant gliomas removed from pediatric patients displayed intense nuclear staining for two transcription factors that are downstream effectors of the Notch pathway, HES1 and HES5, and this positivity was also observed in those tumors that were immunonegative for the Notch1 [19].