TNF and neoplasm: Similarly, PD-1 expression gradually increased in TILs with tumor growth but not on spleen T cells in a melanoma tumor model; although a higher percentage of TILs produced IFN-γ after stimulation ex vivo compared with spleen T cells, the amount of IFN-γ produced by TILs was lower, and smaller percentage of TILs produced TNF-α (19).