CD274 and neoplasm: PD-L1 gene deletion in highly immunogenic MC38 colorectal adenocarcinoma tumors resulted in loss of protection from T cell cytotoxicity, whereas the growth of MC38 tumors in PD-L1/PD-L2-knockout (PD-L1−/−/L2−/−) mice was as robust as in wild-type mice, which elegantly demonstrated that induced tumor PD-L1 expression directly and sufficiently inhibits antitumor immunity, serving as far more than a marker of an ineffective immune response (74).