Although studies have shown that response to anti-PD-L1 therapy was associated with a Th1 gene signature in on-treatment samples (236), a recent study found that early decrease of IL-8 (a Th1-associated cytokine) levels in the serum 2-3 weeks after anti-PD-1 therapy was predictive of response in melanoma and NSCLC patients, including rare cases [0.6–4% (268, 269)] with pseudoprogression (270). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.