PACAP-IR in the spinal cord is increased in lumbosacral spinal cord regions [e.g., superficial laminae (I–II) of the DH, LCP of Lissauer, SPN] associated with LUT reflexes following CYP-induced cystitis (Vizzard, 2000c; Herrera et al., 2006). The gene discussed is ADCYAP1; the disease is chronic cystitis.