Following a down regulation in transcript expression after acute (4 h) CYP-induced cystitis, PACAP and PAC1 transcript expression are dramatically upregulated in the urothelium, L6 and S1 DRG and detrusor smooth muscle after intermediate (48 h) or chronic (10 days) CYP-induced cystitis (Girard et al., 2008b). This evidence concerns the gene PPIG and cystitis.