In contrast, CYP-induced cystitis in NGF-OE mice resulted in significant, additional changes in transcript expression for NGF, BDNF and receptors (TrkA, TrkB, p75NTR) and PACAP/VIP and receptors (PAC1, VPAC1, VPAC2) in lumbosacral DRG and urinary bladder (e.g., urothelium, detrusor) that was dependent on the duration of cystitis (Girard et al., 2012). Here, VIP is linked to chronic cystitis.