LPA and lung carcinoma: Lung cancer risk was significantly lower with higher levels of apo(a) (Q4 vs. Q1, crude HR 0.44, Q4 cut-off 1.90) and higher levels of HDL-C (HR 0.46, Q4 cut-off 1.70), but significantly increased with high apoB-100 levels (HR 1.55, Q4 cut-off 1.30), whereas the other lipid biomarkers were not significantly associated with risk of lung cancer (Fig. 2, Additional file 4).