More prospective studies with a detailed assessment of lifestyle and medical variables at baseline are needed to further evaluate (1) the specific role of HDL-C and Lp(a) in breast cancer development and their interaction with exogenous sex hormones, (2) the role of lipid biomarkers in lung cancer development, (3) the role of Lp(a) in any cancer development, (4) the effect of all lipid biomarkers on cancer mortality, and (5) the possible effect modification by HRT use and smoking status. The gene discussed is LPA; the disease is breast carcinoma.