Regarding lung cancer, the inverse associations of high HDL-C and apo(a) levels with risk of lung cancer were confined to current smokers due to significant heterogeneity by smoking status (age-, sex-, and BMI-adjusted, HDL-C: P < 0.001, HRcurrent 0.38, 0.22–0.66; and apo(a): P < 0.001, HRcurrent 0.20, 0.09–0.48). Here, AOPEP is linked to lung cancer.