In a murine model of Lewis lung carcinoma, SDF-1 was elevated prior to cancer cell infiltration to the lymph nodes, and inhibition of this SDF-1 signaling axis (cyclooxygenase 2/prostaglandin E receptor 3-dependent induction of SDF-1) is promising for suppressing pre-metastatic niche formation [87]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL12 and cancer.