TP53 and cancer: Caffeine, a 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine derivative, has been reported to induce alternative splicing for a subset of cancer-associated genes, such as p53, pyruvate kinase M1/M2, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α/2α, (HIF-1α/2α), and other pre-mRNAs [7–10].