TNF and Insulin resistance: For HFD-fed animals, viperin knockdown further increased the expression of cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 in the WAT (Figure 7H) and resulted in a 4~5 folds increase in the expression of MCP-1 and iNOS (Figure 7H), which contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue and mediates adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance [35, 36].