APP and Alzheimer disease: Studies on AD models suggested that BDNF may moderate AD phenotype, and specifically (i) reduced Abeta accumulation, a hallmark feature of AD (Nagahara et al., 2009); rescued Abeta-mediated neuronal toxicity (Kimura et al., 2006; Nagahara et al., 2013); (ii) rescued Abeta-induced deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity (Zeng et al., 2010); and (iii) improved spatial learning and memory deficits (Blurton-Jones et al., 2009).