CF patients have increased levels of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α; and eicosanoids (EICs) such as leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), compared to healthy controls6–8. This evidence concerns the gene CSF3 and cystic fibrosis.