In addition, we provide a molecular basis for the tendency of KRAS mutant NSCLCs to be positive for PD-L1 expression (D’Incecco et al., 2015, Dong et al., 2017, Li et al., 2017, Yang et al., 2017), implying that PD-1-PD-L1 blockade may prove more successful in RAS mutant patients that also harbor a sufficient number of tumor antigens. This evidence concerns the gene KRAS and neoplasm.