VEGFA and neoplasm: TTP has been reported to have cell-autonomous tumor-suppressive roles (Rounbehler et al., 2012) and non-cell-autonomous anti-tumor effects through targeting VEGF and COX-2 mRNAs (Cha et al., 2011, Essafi-Benkhadir et al., 2007), which may contribute to some of these ostensibly PD-L1-independent effects, the magnitude of which are likely to be determined by the level of TTP overexpression in each system.