TNF and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: An upregulation was registered in the mRNA as well as the protein levels of IL-6 (Fig. 4a, e–e”, i) and TNF-α (Fig. 4b, f–f”, j), while IFN-γ mRNA was downregulated with no significant changes observed in its cellular protein expression (Fig. 4c, g–g”, k) in the ALS group as compared to the normal and disease controls.