An upregulation was registered in the mRNA as well as the protein levels of IL-6 (Fig. 4a, e–e”, i) and TNF-α (Fig. 4b, f–f”, j), while IFN-γ mRNA was downregulated with no significant changes observed in its cellular protein expression (Fig. 4c, g–g”, k) in the ALS group as compared to the normal and disease controls. The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.