While CHIT-1 immunoreactivity was clearly absent in the GFAP-positive astrocytes in both normal controls and ALS group, the non-GFAP-positive cells showed enhanced CHIT-1 expression upon ALS-CSF exposure, thus corroborating our previous findings of microglial cells as the primary source of CHIT-1 in CSF (Fig. 7a–b”). This evidence concerns the gene CHIT1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.