For example, it has been reported that HDL-associated S1P preferentially stimulates S1PR1 in endothelial cells leading to suppression of inflammatory activation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1, factors responsible for monocyte recruitment and the initiation of atherosclerosis [27,36,39,40,41]. Here, VCAM1 is linked to atherosclerosis.