Importantly, systemic (i. e., intravenous) injections of the anti-TNF-α antibody infliximab to patients with diabetic macular edema led to significant visual function gains [38, 39]; however, little or no efficacious changes were achieved by local (i. e., intravitreal) application with either of the two different TNF-α inhibitors infliximab or adalimumab [40]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and diabetic macular edema.