TNF and diabetes mellitus: Plasma levels of TNF-α, CFD, LRG1, and VAP-1 were significantly higher in the PDR group than in the non-DM group (TNF-α = 0.45 ± 0.04 vs. 0.34 ± 0.02 pg/ml, p = 0.015; CFD = 542.81 ± 67.37 vs. 362.40 ± 22.36 ng/ml, p = 0.018; LRG1 = 13.28 ± 1.33 vs. 7.68 ± 0.93 μg/ml, p = 0.001; VAP-1 = 38.41 ± 1.69 vs. 22.25 ± 1.04 ng/ml, p < 0.001), out of the inflammatory and angiogenic factors examined (Table 2).