HSPD1 and diabetic retinopathy: In summary, HSPD1/HSP60 is globally enhanced in diabetic complications, though a reduction of mitochondrial HSPD1/HSP60 has been reported in diabetic retinopathy, suggesting mitochondrial stress resulting in translocation of HSPD1/HSP60 from the mitochondria to the cell membrane/extracellular space where HSPD1/HSP60 can elicit an immune/autoimmune reaction contributing to cell damage.