PFN1 and Ventricular hypertrophy: For instance, PFN-1 expression was increased in multiple hypertrophic phenotype models either in vivo or in vitro, such as ouabain, transverse aortic constriction (TAC), Gαq-overexpressing and spontaneous hypertensive-induced ventricular hypertrophy in mice or rats [27, 35], and phenylephrine (PE) treated neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) [27].