Because of their production in response to infection, specific cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10, have been reported at higher concentrations in the serum of patients suffering from IPA compared to controls (Chai et al., 2010a,b; Reikvam et al., 2012; Ceesay et al., 2016; Shen et al., 2016). The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is infection.