Interestingly, and despite previous reports pointed to a minor contribution of T helper (Th)17 responses to A. fumigatus in cellular models of infection (Chai et al., 2010b), IL-17A and IL-23 in the BAL were also upregulated, supporting a role for the Th17 pathway during IPA (Zelante et al., 2007). This evidence concerns the gene IL17A and infection.