TNF and HIV infectious disease: Certain risk factors can elevate one’s risk for developing active TB including HIV infection, recent exposure (< 2 years) to an active, infectious TB case, fibrotic changes on chest X-ray consistent with past TB infection, silicosis, organ transplantation, immune suppressing medications (such as tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and high-dose glucocorticoid therapy), end stage kidney disease requiring dialysis, and carcinomas of the head and neck.