For example, the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by knockout of Cav-3 was associated with loss of caveolae and increased p42/p44 MAPK signaling (39) whereas the cardiac-specific transgenic overexpression of Cav-3, as used in the present study, results in increased numbers of caveolar signalsomes (31). Here, CAV3 is linked to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.