HRAS and breast cancer: Consistent with the notion that activation of HRAS inhibits OTUD1 expression in p53 mutant cells, we found that upon ectopic expression of constitutively active HRASV12, OTUD1 is downregulated in p53 mutant MDA-MB-231 (both the early passage and the bone-metastatic (BM) cell lines) but not in p53 wt MCF7 cells (Fig. 8d), TGF-β and HRAS collaborate to promote EMT, invasion and cancer stem traits in breast cancer cells36.