Factors that are increased in patients with adenomyosis compared to normal fertile women include hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and interleukins (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10) as well as IL-8 receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2 and MMP9), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), whereas factors being decreased include leukemia inhibiting factor (LIF), LIF receptor α, and IL-11 [95]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and adenomyosis.