CD44 and cancer: Except for the signaling pathways mentioned above, there are others to affect the cancer stem cells; for example, FOXO3/LKB1/AMPK/PGC-1β/PDHA1 pathway is essential for CD44 expression and CSCs properties [89]; the mutual regulation between STAT3 and miR-181b could induce esophageal cancer stem-like cells proliferation and apoptosis resistance via CYLD pathway [90], and miR-34c-5p inhibits amphiregulin (AREG) to suppress ovarian cancer stemness and drug resistance via the AREG-EGFR-ERK pathway [91].