CTHRC1 and familial pancreatic carcinoma: Furthermore, a great deal of literature has demonstrated that the elevated expression of CTHRC1 was ubiquitously associated with cancer proliferation, invasion, migration, adhesiveness and metastasis and ultimately contributed to the initiation, promotion and progression of cancers, including pancreatic cancer, epithelial ovarian cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer [33], which further validated our above stated conclusion.