Furthermore, although MDSCs reportedly promote angiogenesis34 and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)35 to assist tumour growth, RNA-sequencing analysis showed that no angiogenesis- or EMT-inducing factors were downregulated in Mo-MDSCs from p16/p21-DKO mice compared with those from WT mice (Supplementary Data 1 and 2). Here, CDKN1A is linked to neoplasm.