TNF and cholangiocarcinoma: In conclusion, our study demonstrates that lupeol and stigmasterol are anti-angiogenic compounds that inhibit endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and capillary network formation through the disruption of the TNF-α-VEGFR-2 axis, and they effectively suppress the growth cholangiocarcinoma xenografts by downregulating inflammatory cytokine production, macrophage recruitment and tumor angiogenesis.