TNF and cholangiocarcinoma: They are the major phytosterols found in a wide range of Thai traditional medicinal herbs, including C. nutans. We analyzed in this study the action of the compounds on angiogenic processes in vitro and on tumorigenesis and tumor angiogenesis in vivo and found that lupeol and stigmasterol significantly inhibited HUVEC proliferation, migration, and network formation by downregulating TNF-α and inhibiting VEGF signaling in vitro, and the compounds effectively disrupted tumor angiogenesis, reduced macrophage recruitment, and suppressed the growth of cholangiocarcinoma.