TNF and cystic fibrosis: CF cells lacking a functional CFTR are characterized by higher production of chemokines able to attract neutrophils and macrophages in the airways [17, 18, 21, 28]; therefore, the activity of iPA was determined in both CuFi-1 and NuLi-1 cells by analyzing IL-8 and RANTES release in the absence of pro-inflammatory mediators and after TNFα stimulation using two concentrations of iPA (1.0 and 2.5 μM).