In co-cultures of CxCa-derived Treg and Teff cells, we observed that ICI induced a significant drop in the expression of suppressive cytokines TGFβ and IL10 (~10 and 4-fold decrease respectively, P < 0.01), and increased production of effector T-cell cytokines IL4 and IFNγ (~7-fold rise in both cytokines, P < 0.01) perhaps indicating restoration of effector potential upon inhibition of tumour-derived Treg cells (Fig. 4). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.