TNF and chronic kidney disease: The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study investigated a variety of inflammatory factors in plasma, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen and showed that elevated serum fibrinogen levels are associated with a rapid loss of kidney function in patients with CKD [21].