AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: Previously, we developed a simple and robust approach for noninvasively diagnosing primary hepatic carcinomas (PHC) using a combination of serum autofluorescence and cfDNA-related fluorescence sequentially detected with AUROCs of 0.773 and 0.799 for distinguishing PHC from LC and CH, respectively, and these diagnostic values are improved by combining the two types of serum fluorescence with AFP, hepatic function tests and blood cell analyses with AUROCs of 0.916 and 0.945 [14].