In this context, our data propose that the androgen-independent PC-3U cells, instead utilize sumoylated Snail1 to target TβRI to promote prostate cancer progression, as we have observed overexpression of Snail1, Sumo1, TβRI, Hes1, and c-Jun in prostate cancer specimens (Figure 11). This evidence concerns the gene TGFBR1 and prostate cancer.