SPDL1 and neoplasm: Moreover, no association was discovered between tumor PD-L1 expression (immunohistochemical analysis) and sPD-L1 levels (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis) in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) and renal cell carcinomas, which indicated that the tumor microenvironment, including nonmalignant cells, may also generate sPD-L1 [62, 63].