IL1B and tuberculosis: The reduced inflammation by abrogation of the IL-1β signal as we showed in this study (Fig 7) and clinical evidence suggesting that IL-1 blockade is relatively safe in patients with rheumatic disorders regarding tuberculosis risk [42] indicate the potential application of IL-1 blockade as an adjunctive therapy to ameliorate tissue inflammation, termed host-directed therapy, in TB infection in combination with the control of mycobacterial growth with conventional anti-TB antibiotic treatment [43].