Global gene expression of AFSCs compared with AF-iPSCs and ESCs revealed genes related to self-renewal and pluripotency (1299 genes, e.g., POU5F1, SOX2, NANOG, and microRNA-binding protein LIN28) as well as AFSC-specific genes (665 genes, e.g., OXTR, HHAT, RGS5, NF2, CD59, TNFSF10, and NT5E) were identified in AFSCs [11]. Here, RGS5 is linked to atrial fibrillation.