In addition, since development of preeclampsia was reported to be caused by defective trophoblastic invasion, probably through increased pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and decreased IL-10 (Royle et al., 2009), and VD was also reported to act as an immune modulator by downregulating TNF-α and upregulating IL-10 (Mora et al., 2008; Akbar and Zacharek, 2011). Here, TNF is linked to preeclampsia.