TP53 and cancer: In previous studies, adenovirus-mediated gene therapies for bladder cancer patients have been developed in the following strategies: (1) to induce apoptosis by delivering tumor suppressor genes, such as p53 (Werthman et al., 1996); (2) to overexpress toxic genes (El-Zawahry et al., 2006); (3) to enhance host anticancer immunity by overexpressing immune modulators (Adam et al., 2007); and (4) to lyse cancer cells by virus amplification (Zhu et al., 2004).