As pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, GM-CSF, RANTES, IL-17, IL-4, and IL-10 have an important impact on the antifungal host response, as well as cytokines such as IL-6 play a central role in the pathophysiology of GvHD, we assessed the gene expression and extracellular concentration of these molecules in MSCs which were co-incubated with or without A. fumigatus conidia and hyphae, respectively [5, 6]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is graft versus host disease.