The enzyme mRNA expression was evaluated by qRT-PCR analysis, confirming the decrease of GLS expression in tumor cell lines compared to HPDE (Supplementary Figure 1A), and the increase of mRNA levels of both GDH1 and GDH2 in PDAC cell lines compared to non-PDAC and control human cells (Supplementary Figure 1B-1C). Here, GLS is linked to neoplasm.