CCR5 and neoplasm: These findings are consistent with the notion that the pro-survival and metabolic benefits of CCL5-CCR5 signaling are more critical during the onset of tumorigenesis, prior to the formation of a fully established tumor microenvironment, compared to tumor endpoint, when the lack of CCL5-CCR5 signaling may be compensated by other factors as a result of a fully acidified and hypoxic tumor [53–55].