INS and Obesity: As reported before, dietary oligosaccharides derived from plant and milk stimulate the growth of Bifidobacterium, which is linked to normal weight gain and were found in low concentrations in obese individuals [40]. Bifidobacterium could reduce obesity-associated inflammation by restoring the lymphocyte-macrophage balance and reduce the abundance of Firmicutes, in which these effects were accompanied by reductions in body weight gain and in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and insulin levels and improved oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in obese mice [41].