NFKB1 and influenza: Influenza infection activates a number of host defense pathways, including the innate and adaptive immune responses, the induction of cytokines, and activation of apoptosis.6 The detection of viral particles (in particular nuclear acids) by toll-like receptors (TLR7) of the MyD88, NF-kB pathway,7,8 as well as cytosolic proteins such as RIG-I (DDX58)9,10 of the MDAF/MAVS pathway and their trigger of interferon expression via the activation of transcription factors including IRF3 and IRF7, have been well studied.