CCL5 and influenza: Although SYNCRIP is not known to be involved in influenza infection, it is a host factor involved in hepatitis C virus RNA replication,31 and required by the HCV IRES for translation-competent 48S complex formation.32SYNCRIP has previously been reported to be associated with immune functions.33 Other SRGs, potentially responsible for host defense, include the CD59 molecule (a cell surface glycoprotein that is involved in lymphocyte signal transduction), C–C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) and MALT paracaspase that may play a role in NFκB activation.