GFAP and brain injury: Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) might be a useful marker for various types ofbrain damage including neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, and severeTBI.109,111,112 In astudy by Papa et al. in 2012,113GFAP was detectable in serum less than 1 hour after a concussion and was able todistinguish concussion patients from other trauma patients without headinjury.16