GSK3B and Alzheimer disease: In vitro studies have shown that the pharmacological activation ofGSK3β leads to neuronal changes and death in a similar fashion to thatobserved in AD.50,53 On the other hand, in vitro andin vivo studies have demonstrated that the pharmacologicalinhibition of GSK3β activity (e.g. with lithium salts) protects againstneuronal degeneration and death induced by A? and Tauhyperphosphorylation.50-54 Few studies have been carried outin humans to determine the activity of GSK3β in AD patients.