LEP and central nervous system cancer: Previous studies have shown that leptin can induce cancer cell migration via the MAP kinase in prostate cancer [26], via the AKT pathway in endothelial cells [28], via the NF-kB pathway in glioma cells [29], and via the JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT, and MAPK pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma cells [8].