Studies in the Ret transgenic melanoma model show that although low-dose cyclophosphamide induced cell surface calreticulin on skin tumor-derived Ret cells and enhanced the in vitro maturation of co-cultured DC, this treatment alone did not produce any survival benefit in tumor-bearing animals and even led to an accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in primary tumors (72). This evidence concerns the gene RET and melanoma.