CSF2 and melanoma: For instance, local administration of a mix of CpG-B and GM-CSF at the site of primary melanoma excision resulted in the maturation of both pDC and conventional DC as well as an increase in the frequency of cross-presenting BDCA3+ CD141+ DC in sentinel lymph nodes, and this approach enhanced the frequency of melanoma Ag-specific CD8+ T cells in these nodes and reduced the frequency of lymph node metastasis (134, 135).