Specifically, studies with these oncolytic viruses have shown that infected human melanoma cells or tumor-conditioned media from these cells promote the maturation of mDC in vitro (78–80), and Zhang et al. have shown in a murine model that an oncolytic adenovirus co-expressing IL-12 and GM-CSF enhances the immunogenicity and antitumor efficacy of a bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) vaccine (81). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and melanoma.