SMAD7 and inflammatory bowel disease: However, further data are immediately required in order to evaluate the possible long term poor liver disease outcome in HCV-infected IBD subjects and the hepatic toxicity of novel immunosuppressive drugs in IBD, such JAK inhibitors, anti-IL12/23 monoclonal antibodies and SMAD7 antisense inhibitors, which could potentially interfere with immunological surveillance of hepatotropic viruses.