Key findings are that, during anti-TNF therapy, the reduced percentages of Tregs found in active, untreated disease gradually normalize, while the proportion of naive T-cells decreases, and, surprisingly, the proportions of Th1 and Th17 cells, which are important drivers of RA activity, also remain increased and even further rise with follow-up. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.