However, when ER stress-related genes were analyzed in peripheral blood leucocytes from patients with SLE and compared to healthy controls, an abnormal unfolded protein response was found in patients with SLE, especially IRE-1/XBP1 and PERK/CHOP axes, with no significant change in ATF6 [14]. This evidence concerns the gene EIF2AK3 and systemic lupus erythematosus.