In line with those observations, we here demonstrate that S3I-201, a STAT3 inhibitor, significantly suppressed LPS induced expression levels of ICAM-1, TNF-α, and TGF-β excluding IL-β (Figure 4C & 4D), which was also suppressed by using genetic and pharmacological approaches in kidney from LPS or CLP induced AKI models for 24h or 18h (Figure 8, and Supplementary Figure 2). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is acute kidney injury.