PPARA and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Western blotting results showed that insulin receptor (IR), protein kinase B (Akt), and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) phosphorylation levels and PPARα protein expression levels were significantly decreased, and sterol regulator element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) protein expression levels were significantly increased in the liver samples from dairy cows with NAFLD compared with those from control cows (Supplementary Figure 1A and 1B).