TGFB1 and osteoarthritis: In patients with osteoarthritis, there was high level of TGFβ1 in subchondral bone and inhibition of the activity of TGFβ1 effectively attenuated the degradation of cartilage ECM, suggesting that high level of TGFβ1 in subchondral bone be a trigger of osteoarthritis [13, 14].